A Retrospective Review of Alumina-magnesia-carbon Refractories

doi:10.19691/j.cnki.1004-4493.2021.01.007

China's Refractories ›› 2021, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (1): 41-48.DOI: 10.19691/j.cnki.1004-4493.2021.01.007

• Original article • Previous Articles

A Retrospective Review of Alumina-magnesia-carbon Refractories

GUO Zongqi¹^,^*(), ZAMBONI Stefano¹, GAO Jianying², GAN Feifang³

1 Trasteel International SA, Lugano CH-6900, Switzerland
2 Imerys (China) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
3 Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201900, China

Online:2021-03-15 Published:2021-05-01
Contact: GUO Zongqi
About author:Dr. Guo Zongqi is interested in the application and research of spinel technologies in burnt basic brick and unburnt refractory brick. In recent years, He focuses on practices of the mismatch of thermal expansion of MA and FA spinel in magnesia refractories, as well as monolization function of in-situ spinel in alumina-based brick for ladle lining.

Abstract

Abstract:

The residual expansion of in-situ spinel formation in using of alumina-magnesia-carbon (AMC) bricks monolizes the lining of steel-making ladles with the closure of their joints, which has been an effective solution avoiding washing out of the joints in ladle lining by the reduction of the penetration of liquid slag and molten steel. Alumina-magnesia-carbon refractories are overall reviewed, in terms of major raw materials, thermal evolution, corrosion and oxidation, and thermomechanical behavior, as well as type, addition and fraction of magnesia used. General commercial products contain 5%-10% MgO and 5%-10% C with a certain amount of metallic aluminum powder, which is believed to facilitate spinel formation at early stage of heating-up, although high magnesia containing AMC bricks are studied and used sometimes. With low ratio of Al₂O₃/C=12.9 and the carbon content of 6.4% C, AMC brick exhibits the highest corrosion resistance. It is important to determine the type, addition and fraction of magnesia used in AMC refractories for demonstrating high corrosion resistance and superior thermomechanical behavior.

Key words: alumina-magnesia-carbon brick, spinel formation, monolization, thermal expansion, in-situ

GUO Zongqi, ZAMBONI Stefano, GAO Jianying, GAN Feifang. A Retrospective Review of Alumina-magnesia-carbon Refractories[J]. China's Refractories, 2021, 30(1): 41-48.

Figures/Tables 12

References 22

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Raw material	TA	WFA	BFA	Bauxite	DBM98	DBM97	FM97.5
Al₂O₃/mass%	99.5	99.50	95.50	89.00	0.07	0.15	0.10
MgO /mass%					98.50	97.10	97.50
SiO₂/mass%	0.09	0.10	1.30	4.00	0.10	0.65	0.60
Fe₂O₃/mass%	0.02	0.05	0.10	1.50	0.48	0.80	0.60
TiO₂/mass%			2.50	3.50
Na₂O + K₂O /mass%	0.40	0.20	0.10	0.30
CaO /mass%				0.50	0.84	1.30	1.20
Bulk density /(g · cm^-3)	3.50	3.69	3.90	3.28	3.43	3.28	3.50

Raw material	TA	WFA	BFA	Bauxite	DBM98	DBM97	FM97.5
Al₂O₃/mass%	99.5	99.50	95.50	89.00	0.07	0.15	0.10
MgO /mass%					98.50	97.10	97.50
SiO₂/mass%	0.09	0.10	1.30	4.00	0.10	0.65	0.60
Fe₂O₃/mass%	0.02	0.05	0.10	1.50	0.48	0.80	0.60
TiO₂/mass%			2.50	3.50
Na₂O + K₂O /mass%	0.40	0.20	0.10	0.30
CaO /mass%				0.50	0.84	1.30	1.20
Bulk density /(g · cm^-3)	3.50	3.69	3.90	3.28	3.43	3.28	3.50

Physical properties	Or.1	Or.2	Or.3	Or.4
Tempering at 200 °C for 8-10 h
Apparent porosity /%	3.2	3.8	4.2	5.1
Bulk density /(g · cm^-3)	3.10	3.12	3.12	3.15
Cold crushing strength /MPa	76.2	82.7	85.6	90.0
Coking at 1 100 °C for 2 h
Apparent porosity /%	8.2	9.6	9.1	10.2
Bulk density /(g · cm^-3)	3.03	3.04	3.04	3.07
Residual carbon /%	8.2	6.2	4.5	3.2
Thermal conductivity at 1 000 °C/[W · (m · K)^-1]	9.21	7.26	5.26	3.92
Spalling index	100	125	130	150
Heating at 1 600 °C for 2 h, permanent linear change (PLC)
PLC after first heating /%	+1.90	+1.72	+1.93	+2.29
PLC after second heating /%	+1.73	+1.62	+1.91	+2.21
PLC after third heating /%	+1.51	+1.52	+1.85	+2.10

Physical properties	Or.1	Or.2	Or.3	Or.4
Tempering at 200 °C for 8-10 h
Apparent porosity /%	3.2	3.8	4.2	5.1
Bulk density /(g · cm^-3)	3.10	3.12	3.12	3.15
Cold crushing strength /MPa	76.2	82.7	85.6	90.0
Coking at 1 100 °C for 2 h
Apparent porosity /%	8.2	9.6	9.1	10.2
Bulk density /(g · cm^-3)	3.03	3.04	3.04	3.07
Residual carbon /%	8.2	6.2	4.5	3.2
Thermal conductivity at 1 000 °C/[W · (m · K)^-1]	9.21	7.26	5.26	3.92
Spalling index	100	125	130	150
Heating at 1 600 °C for 2 h, permanent linear change (PLC)
PLC after first heating /%	+1.90	+1.72	+1.93	+2.29
PLC after second heating /%	+1.73	+1.62	+1.91	+2.21
PLC after third heating /%	+1.51	+1.52	+1.85	+2.10

Process	DTA Peak	AMC-t	AMC-b
Resin transformation	Exothermic	392 °C	354 °C
Resin transformation	Exothermic	507 °C	392 °C
Resin transformation	Exothermic		533 °C
Resin transformation, glassy-carbon oxidation	Exothermic	630 °C
Aluminum melting	Endothermic	651 °C	664 °C
Graphite oxidation	Exothermic	914 °C	982 °C
Formation of Al₄C₃ (Al/Al₂O₃ + C)	Exothermic	1 050 °C	1 046 °C
Formation of Al₂O₃	Exothermic	1 178 °C	1 145 °C
Formation of MgO · Al₂O₃ (Al₂O₃/Al(l) + MgO/Mg(g))	Exothermic	1 178 °C	1 145 °C
Formation of Al₄O₄C	Exothermic	1 310 °C	1 288 °C

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A Retrospective Review of Alumina-magnesia-carbon Refractories

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Figures/Tables 12

References 22

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Brick No.	E /GPa	σ_f /MPa	ε_f	σ_Y/σ_f /%
AMC1	23 ± 10	52 ± 2	0.3 ± 0.1	68 ± 4
AMC2	11 ± 2	25 ± 2	0.3 ± 0.1	63 ± 15
AMC3	9 ± 2	46 ± 9	0.6 ± 0.1	65.4 ± 0.2
AMC5	32 ± 14	58 ± 12	0.30 ± 0.01	31 ± 9
AMC6	12 ± 5	38 ± 3	0.60 ± 0.05	70 ± 9

Raw materials and physical properties	M1	M2	M3	M4
Grain size of 10% magnesia /mm	1-3.35	0-1	<0.045, 0-1	<0.045
Fused alumina /mass%	81.5	81.5	81.5	81.5
Natural flake graphite /mass%	7	7	7	7
Novolac resin + hexa. /mass%	+3	+3	+3	+3
Additive /mass%	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
Apparent porosity (AP) /%	7.43	7.65	7.84	7.98
Bulk density (BD) /(g · cm^-3)	3.30	3.31	3.32	3.31
AP, coked at 1 600 °C /%	16.6	15.6	16.3	17.1
BD, coked at 1 600 °C /(g · cm^-3)	3.00	3.04	3.02	2.97
Primary PLC, 1 600 °C /%	+2.36	+2.44	+3.27	+4.00
Secondary PLC, 1 600 °C /%	+0.11	+0.06	+0.16	-0.02
HMOR at 1 400 °C /MPa	4.5	6.9	7.4	8.2

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